Habitat
In Canada, Great Grays spend the year in dense, wet evergreen forests of the far north, also known as taiga, where they hunt in meadows, bogs, or other open areas with a few scattered trees. In the United States, they use pine and fir forests adjacent to montane meadows between 2,500 and 7,500 feet. In California and Oregon during the winter months, owls often move downslope into oak woodlands and lower elevation mixed deciduous and evergreen forests. Back to top
Food
Small mammals such as voles, pocket gophers, mice, moles, chipmunks, and lemmings make up the majority of their diet. They hunt at night and during the day from perches where they listen intently for small mammals moving under the snow. Once they detect a small mammal they hover above the snow, and plunge talons first into the snow to grab it. Back to top
Nesting
Nest Placement
These owls often choose a nest site near an opening in the forest, such as a meadow, bog, or field. The adults may visit a potential nest site two or more weeks before they settle on it. They often reuse the same nest site for several years.
Nest Description
Great Gray Owls don’t build nests. Instead they use old raptor or Common Raven nests, or even nests built by western gray squirrels, and do not add any additional material to the nest. They also place their eggs in the broken tops of dead trees, human-made platforms, or in clumps of mistletoe. If they nest in a broken-topped tree, the female may scratch a depression to lay the eggs, but she does not build a nest. The location where they lay their eggs varies depending on the nest site they chose to use.
Nesting Facts
Clutch Size: | 2-5 eggs |
Egg Length: | 2.1-2.1 in (5.3-5.4 cm) |
Egg Width: | 1.6-1.7 in (4.2-4.3 cm) |
Incubation Period: | 28-36 days |
Nestling Period: | 26-29 days |
Egg Description: | Dull white and unmarked. |
Condition at Hatching: | Helpless, eyes closed, completely covered in fluffy down. |
Behavior
Great Gray Owls are active at night and at dusk and dawn. They also hunt during the day, especially when they have nestlings or during the winter months. They forage in meadows where voles and other small mammals are abundant. In northern Europe, the Rocky Mountains, and the central Cascades of Oregon they also forage in clearcuts that have a few remaining trees for perching. They glide low over these open areas with slow and quiet wingbeats listening and looking for small mammals. They have excellent hearing and can find prey by hearing alone—even under a thick cover of snow—thanks to asymmetrical ear openings that help them triangulate sound with great precision. Males and females form pairs during the breeding season, but they don’t stay together during the nonbreeding season. Males and females defend their nest sites from other owls and raptors. The first line of defense is a threatening display. They spread their facial feathers to expose their bill, which they fiercely snap, drop their wings, or hoot to shun the intruder. If that doesn’t work, they may escalate territory defense to chasing and sometimes attacking the intruder. Most owls are year-round residents, but sometimes they move farther south in search of food. Populations in California and Oregon, in most winters, move to lower elevations areas with reduced snowpack. Back to top
Conservation
The Great Gray Owl’s far northern range and elusive habits make it difficult to monitor population trends with surveys like the North American Breeding Bird Survey. Partners in Flight estimates the global breeding population at 120,000 and rates them 9 out of 20 on the Continental Concern Score, indicating a species of low conservation concern. In the United States, Great Gray Owls are at the southern limits of their range and are uncommon, but they are fairly common throughout their Holarctic range.
Back to topCredits
Bull, Evelyn L. and James R. Duncan. (1993). Great Gray Owl (Strix nebulosa), version 2.0. In The Birds of North America (P. G. Rodewald, editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York, USA.
Lutmerding, J. A. and A. S. Love. (2020). Longevity records of North American birds. Version 2020. Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Bird Banding Laboratory 2020.
Partners in Flight. (2020). Avian Conservation Assessment Database, version 2020.
Sibley, D. A. (2014). The Sibley Guide to Birds, second edition. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, NY, USA.