{"id":63529,"date":"2024-07-01T17:47:41","date_gmt":"2024-07-01T21:47:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/?p=63529"},"modified":"2024-07-01T17:47:42","modified_gmt":"2024-07-01T21:47:42","slug":"checklist-world-bird-species-clements-birdlife-ebird","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/checklist-world-bird-species-clements-birdlife-ebird\/","title":{"rendered":"Toward a Unified List of the World\u2019s Bird Species"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"725\" src=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/138873481-Rufous-naped_Wren-Dorian_Anderson-1280x725.jpg\" alt=\"White and reddish-brown brown bird with a white chest and abdomen, a white and black striped head, long, black bill and red eye, perched on a piece of wood.\" class=\"wp-image-63646\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/138873481-Rufous-naped_Wren-Dorian_Anderson-1280x725.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/138873481-Rufous-naped_Wren-Dorian_Anderson-720x408.jpg 720w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/138873481-Rufous-naped_Wren-Dorian_Anderson-768x435.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/138873481-Rufous-naped_Wren-Dorian_Anderson-1536x870.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/138873481-Rufous-naped_Wren-Dorian_Anderson-480x272.jpg 480w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/138873481-Rufous-naped_Wren-Dorian_Anderson.jpg 1900w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">According to the International Ornithological Congress checklist of birds, the Rufous-backed Wren is a species that lives in Mexico and Central America. But such a bird is not recognized in eBird, which relies on the Clements Checklist of Birds of the World and considers this bird to be a subspecies of the Rufous-naped Wren. <em>Photo by <a href=\"https:\/\/macaulaylibrary.org\/asset\/138873481\">Dorian Anderson \/ Macaulay Library<\/a>.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group sidebar-alignright order-bottom\"><div class=\"article-list list-style\"><h2 class=\"article-list-header\">More From Living Bird<\/h2><ul><li class=\"article-item\"><div class=\"article-item-container\"><div class=\"article-item-media  content-living-bird-toc\" data-link-to=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/living-bird-summer-2024-table-of-contents\/\"><figure class=\"article-item-media-ratio\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/LIvingBird-summer24-Toco_Toucan-Angelo_Gandolfi-FI.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/LIvingBird-summer24-Toco_Toucan-Angelo_Gandolfi-FI-720x540.jpg 720w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/LIvingBird-summer24-Toco_Toucan-Angelo_Gandolfi-FI-240x180.jpg 240w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/LIvingBird-summer24-Toco_Toucan-Angelo_Gandolfi-FI-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/LIvingBird-summer24-Toco_Toucan-Angelo_Gandolfi-FI-480x360.jpg 480w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/LIvingBird-summer24-Toco_Toucan-Angelo_Gandolfi-FI.jpg 1225w\" sizes=\"\" alt=\"Black and white bird with a giant red, orange and yellow bill with a black tip, head back with a berry thrown up between it's bill.\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"article-item-body\"><a class=\"article-item-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/living-bird-summer-2024-table-of-contents\/\"><span class=\"article-item-header\">Living Bird Summer 2024\u2014Table Of Contents<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"article-item\"><div class=\"article-item-container\"><div class=\"article-item-media  content-living-bird-toc\" data-link-to=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/living-bird-summer-2026-table-of-contents\/\"><figure class=\"article-item-media-ratio\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/living-bird-latest.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/living-bird-latest.png 720w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/living-bird-latest-240x180.png 240w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/living-bird-latest-480x360.png 480w\" sizes=\"\" alt=\"Living Bird-latest issue\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"article-item-body\"><a class=\"article-item-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/living-bird-summer-2026-table-of-contents\/\"><span class=\"article-item-header\">Living Bird Magazine\u2014Latest Issue<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"article-item\"><div class=\"article-item-container\"><div class=\"article-item-media  content-article\" data-link-to=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/living-bird-magazine-archives\/\"><figure class=\"article-item-media-ratio\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/living-bird-acrhive.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/living-bird-acrhive.png 720w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/living-bird-acrhive-240x180.png 240w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/living-bird-acrhive-480x360.png 480w\" sizes=\"\" alt=\"Living Bird archives\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"article-item-body\"><a class=\"article-item-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/living-bird-magazine-archives\/\"><span class=\"article-item-header\">Living Bird Magazine Archives<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">From the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/living-bird-summer-2024-table-of-contents\/\">Summer 2024 issue<\/a>&nbsp;of&nbsp;<em>Living Bird<\/em>&nbsp;magazine.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/join.birds.cornell.edu\/page\/14522\/donate?__hstc=75100365.220461ee62b578f48bb144cf431e8850.1712607354694.1718917865840.1718921135681.74&amp;__hssc=75100365.4.1718921135681&amp;__hsfp=3523199817\">Subscribe now<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">How many bird species exist in the world today? The answer, it turns out, is far from simple. New species get discovered every year, and sadly some go extinct, but counting the number of birds in the world starts with a more basic question: What bird checklist do you use for counting? The<a href=\"https:\/\/www.birds.cornell.edu\/clementschecklist\/\"> Clements Checklist of Birds of the World<\/a> currently lists 11,017 species, whereas the <a href=\"https:\/\/datazone.birdlife.org\/species\/taxonomy\">HBW\/BirdLife International checklist<\/a> has 11,524 species. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Those discrepancies arise from the different ways that various lists define a species, and it can make matters confusing for birders. In Mexico, for example, there is a bird called Rufous-backed Wren according to the International Ornithological Congress and BirdLife checklists, but it doesn\u2019t show up on eBird (which uses the Clements checklist, maintained by the Cornell Lab of Ornithology).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Those species-name mismatches can have real-world consequences when it comes to identifying the birds most at risk of extinction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cIn trying to protect birds at a global scale, it is important to ensure that everyone is talking the same language and the data matches,\u201d says Marshall Iliff, an eBird project leader at the Cornell Lab. Iliff notes that laws and treaties used to protect species don\u2019t work as well when there isn\u2019t consensus on species names.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cIf different agencies involved in conservation of biodiversity use different names, then not only is there the chance of misalignment of resources, but also confusion on what needs to be protected,\u201d says ornithologist Les Christidis, dean at Southern Cross University in Australia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Christidis is chair of a global consortium of ornithologists who started work in February 2021 to solve the species-list-mismatch problem by building a unified global bird checklist. The working group of ornithologists and taxonomists from 11 different institutions (including the Cornell Lab) formed under the International Ornithologists\u2019 Union, with a mission to reconcile the differences among the Clements, International Ornithological Congress, and BirdLife International checklists. The group meets monthly to consider questions and classifications across a master list of well over 11,000 potential bird species\u2014pondering and debating over a dizzying array of names, nuances, and spreadsheets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At its core, the working group sleuths out irregularities much like a detective. \u201cTaxonomy,\u201d says Christidis, \u201cis full of problems that need solving.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><div class=\"wp-block-group sidebar-alignright sidebar-space order-bottom\"><!--HubSpot Call-to-Action Code -->\r\n<span class=\"hs-cta-wrapper\" id=\"hs-cta-wrapper-096b8ce3-0e2d-46c5-bbf7-12de3323c8da\">\r\n    <span class=\"hs-cta-node hs-cta-096b8ce3-0e2d-46c5-bbf7-12de3323c8da\" id=\"hs-cta-096b8ce3-0e2d-46c5-bbf7-12de3323c8da\">\r\n        <!--[if lte IE 8]><div id=\"hs-cta-ie-element\"><\/div><![endif]-->\r\n        <a href=\"http:\/\/cta-redirect.hubspot.com\/cta\/redirect\/95627\/096b8ce3-0e2d-46c5-bbf7-12de3323c8da\" ><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"hs-cta-img\" id=\"hs-cta-img-096b8ce3-0e2d-46c5-bbf7-12de3323c8da\" style=\"border-width:0px;\" src=\"https:\/\/no-cache.hubspot.com\/cta\/default\/95627\/096b8ce3-0e2d-46c5-bbf7-12de3323c8da.png\"  alt=\"subscribe to Living Bird magazine\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><\/a>\r\n    <\/span>\r\n    <script charset=\"utf-8\" src=\"https:\/\/js.hscta.net\/cta\/current.js\"><\/script>\r\n    <script type=\"text\/javascript\">\r\n        hbspt.cta.load(95627, '096b8ce3-0e2d-46c5-bbf7-12de3323c8da', {});\r\n    <\/script>\r\n<\/span>\r\n<!-- end HubSpot Call-to-Action Code -->\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The problem-solving for this group starts with finding agreement on a common species concept. More than 25 different rules for what can be considered a species have been put forth by scientists since Swedish biologist Carl Linnaeus first established the field of taxonomy in 1735 by introducing a system for classifying organisms. Today the prevailing view among bird taxonomists is the biological species concept, which was first proposed by German-American ornithologist Ernst Mayr in 1942. The biological species concept relies on evidence of reproductive isolation\u2014for example, a group of birds that only breed among themselves due to a barrier such as a mountain range separating populations. But clearly defining a species still isn\u2019t so simple even under the biological species concept. Additional factors such as physical traits, geographic location, voice, and genetics all play a role in determining what constitutes a species. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">That\u2019s why the working group employs an \u201cintegrative species concept.\u201d According to Christidis, the integrative species concept \u201clooks at all areas of evidence to make an assessment, including morphology [what a species looks like], behavior, ecology, genetics, phylogenetic relations [species relationships on an evolutionary tree], time since divergence based on genetics, biogeographical distributions, and of course any evidence of reproductive isolation.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The working group\u2019s debates over species status often go beyond poring through research on evolutionary trees to analyzing sound recordings of breeding songs, inspecting museum specimens for plumage differences, and considering the latest DNA research via genome sequencing. Decisions for the unified checklist are ultimately made by a vote from eight of the working group members.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cIt\u2019s work, but it\u2019s fun,\u201d says Pam Rasmussen, one of the Cornell Lab scientists on the working group, who has studied the taxonomy of Asian birds for more than 40 years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group well-gray is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">One Species or Two?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"914\" data-id=\"63649\" src=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/422440321-Green-winged_Teal-Matt_Misewicz-1280x914.jpg\" alt=\"Brown, beige, black patterned duck with with a reddish-brown face, a white rump, and a brought green patch across eye and down to neck.\" class=\"wp-image-63649\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/422440321-Green-winged_Teal-Matt_Misewicz-1280x914.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/422440321-Green-winged_Teal-Matt_Misewicz-720x514.jpg 720w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/422440321-Green-winged_Teal-Matt_Misewicz-768x549.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/422440321-Green-winged_Teal-Matt_Misewicz-480x343.jpg 480w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/422440321-Green-winged_Teal-Matt_Misewicz.jpg 1512w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">&#8220;American&#8221; Green-winged Teal in Illinois. <em>Photo by <a href=\"https:\/\/macaulaylibrary.org\/asset\/422440321\">Matt Misewicz \/ Macaulay Library<\/a>.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"914\" data-id=\"63650\" src=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/537642961-Green-winged_Teal-Kuzey_Cem_Kulacoglu-1280x914.jpg\" alt=\"Brown, beige, black patterned duck with with a reddish-brown face, a white rump, and a brought green patch across eye and down to neck.\" class=\"wp-image-63650\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/537642961-Green-winged_Teal-Kuzey_Cem_Kulacoglu-1280x914.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/537642961-Green-winged_Teal-Kuzey_Cem_Kulacoglu-720x514.jpg 720w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/537642961-Green-winged_Teal-Kuzey_Cem_Kulacoglu-768x549.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/537642961-Green-winged_Teal-Kuzey_Cem_Kulacoglu-480x343.jpg 480w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/537642961-Green-winged_Teal-Kuzey_Cem_Kulacoglu.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">&#8220;Eurasian&#8221; Green-winged Teal in Turkey. <em>Photo by <a href=\"https:\/\/macaulaylibrary.org\/asset\/537642961\">Kuzey Cem Kula\u00e7o\u011flu \/ Macaulay Library<\/a>.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">According to the International Ornithological Congress checklist, there is a Green-winged Teal on one side of the Atlantic Ocean and a Eurasian Teal on the other, in part due to plumage differences. But the Clements checklist categorizes these teals as one species (with two subspecies), because they hybridize in areas where their ranges overlap.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Green-winged Teal was one of the first species that the working group sought to reconcile. According to the Clements and BirdLife checklists, the Green-winged Teal is one species (<em>Anas crecca<\/em>). But the International Ornithological Congress calls the teal that occur in Eurasia the Eurasian Teal (<em>Anas crecca<\/em>) and those in North America the Green-winged Teal (<em>Anas carolinensis<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At first the group voted to split the teal into two species, due to genetic and plumage differences. The North American teal has a vertical white stripe down its side and a darker breast than the Eurasian teal. However, new DNA analyses suggest that gene flow between the North American and Eurasian populations is higher than initially thought, which would make a case for a single species.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cIdeally,\u201d says eBird\u2019s Iliff, \u201cthe group will reevaluate and come to an agreement. But it\u2019s edge cases like these that will be a test for the group to see if we can find a global consensus.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As of now, the working group is planning to reach consensus on all the species debates and release a new global avian checklist in early 2025. But even then, the group\u2019s work will continue, with annual reviews similar to the yearly taxonomy update to eBird species lists. New scientific research will continue to be published that sheds even more light on the evolutionary relationships of birds, and the birds themselves will keep changing, too.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cEvolution,\u201d says Rasmussen, \u201cis a work in progress.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ornithologists are collaborating to consolidate three widely used reference lists of bird species into a single global avian checklist. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":63647,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_tec_requires_first_save":true,"_birdpress_living_bird_toc":63523,"_birdpress_living_bird_toc_title":"Living Bird Summer 2024&mdash;Table Of 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