{"id":35930,"date":"2018-07-04T07:47:44","date_gmt":"2018-07-04T11:47:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/?p=35930"},"modified":"2019-07-02T17:15:25","modified_gmt":"2019-07-02T21:15:25","slug":"crows-have-a-mob-mentality-toward-ravens","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/crows-have-a-mob-mentality-toward-ravens\/","title":{"rendered":"Crows Have a Mob Mentality Toward Ravens"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n              <figure class=\"size-large alignnone\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Crows_vs_Raven_FInal-1280x638.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Crows_vs_Raven_FInal-720x359.jpg 720w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Crows_vs_Raven_FInal-768x383.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Crows_vs_Raven_FInal-1280x638.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Crows_vs_Raven_FInal-480x239.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" alt=\"Crows versus Raven. Cornell Lab Bartels Science Illustrator Phillip Krzeminski.\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><figcaption>American Crows may not literally stack up against Common Ravens, but they do stack up in numbers before mobbing the larger bird. <em>Illustration by Cornell Lab Bartels Science Illustrator Phillip Krzeminski<em>. <\/em><\/em><\/figcaption>\n              <\/figure>\n            <\/div>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed legacy-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio alignright\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"YouTube embed eZ5iippq3rA\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/eZ5iippq3rA?feature=oembed\"><\/iframe><\/div><figcaption><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>When species come into conflict, as birds so often do, we learn a lot about the way the world works by studying where, when, and how these interactions play out in nature\u2019s arena.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIn nature, when you look at aggressive interactions between species, usually the big guys beat up on the smaller guys,\u201d notes Ben Freeman, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, and a former Cornell graduate student. \u201cBut I\u2019ve personally witnessed 17 encounters between crows and ravens and in every case I saw multiple crows harassing a single raven, even though a raven is two to three times heavier than a crow.\u201d<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-group legacy-sidebar sidebar-alignright has-lightgray-background-color has-background\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/CrowCourse-800.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/CrowCourse-800-720x720.jpg 720w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/CrowCourse-800-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/CrowCourse-800-480x480.jpg 480w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/CrowCourse-800.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"\" alt=\"American Crow by Brad Imhoff\/Macaulay Library\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><figcaption><em>American Crow by <a href=\"https:\/\/macaulaylibrary.org\/asset\/122054441\">Brad Imhoff\/Macaulay Library<\/a>.<\/em><\/figcaption>\n              <\/figure><\/div>\n<h4>Get to Know the Crow<\/h4>\n<p>Crows fascinate us with their complex social lives and their ingenious problem-solving skills. This self-paced course is led by world-renowned crow biologist Dr. Kevin McGowan, who has been studying crow families for decades.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/academy.allaboutbirds.org\/product\/anything-but-common-the-hidden-life-of-the-american-crow\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Learn more<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Freeman wondered if the flip-flop he witnessed in the crow-raven dynamic would hold true at a much larger geographical scale and if he could determine what motivated crows to take on the bigger bird. Freeman turned to a surprising source of untapped behavioral information\u2014the voluntary species comments entered on checklists submitted to the Lab\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/ebird.org\/\">eBird<\/a> program. The results from this analysis were published today in <a href=\"http:\/\/americanornithologypubs.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1642\/AUK-18-36.1?code=coop-site\"><em>The\u00a0Auk: Ornithological Advances<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>First, Freeman downloaded all North American crow and raven reports to eBird from areas where both species occur (American and Northwestern Crows were lumped together for the study). Of those reports, more than 307,000 contained comments. Checklists that did not specifically name both species, did not describe an interaction, and did not clearly state which species was the aggressor and which the target of the aggression were filtered out. In the end, more than 2,000 observations remained for analysis. Statistical methods were used to \u201cnormalize\u201d the data so it would not be affected by the fact that birders typically spend more time watching birds at certain times of the year, which would otherwise produce biased monthly sample sizes. The data showed that crows were nearly always the aggressors during encounters with ravens\u2014but only if crows had the edge in numbers.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n              <figure class=\"size-large alignnone\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Crow-Raven-Chart2.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Crow-Raven-Chart2-720x79.jpg 720w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Crow-Raven-Chart2-768x84.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Crow-Raven-Chart2-480x53.jpg 480w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Crow-Raven-Chart2.jpg 1140w\" sizes=\"\" alt=\"Graph: crows are nearly always the aggres.rs, data from eBIrd\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><figcaption>More than 2,000 eBird observations showed that crows were nearly always the aggressors during encounters with ravens\u2014but only if crows had the edge in numbers.<\/figcaption>\n              <\/figure>\n            <\/div>\n<div class=\"wp-block-group legacy-sidebar sidebar-alignright has-lightgray-background-color has-background\">\n<h4>Listen to Mobbing Crows<\/h4>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-audio \"><audio controls=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/American-Crow-13-NY-Mobbing-calls-from-a-large-flock.mp3\" title=\"\"><\/audio><figcaption>Mobbing calls from a large flock of American Crows. <em>From Cornell Guide to Bird Sounds: Master Set for North America by Cornell Lab of Ornithology.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u201cIn the comment descriptions we used, bird watchers noted that crows usually did not take on a raven one-to-one,\u201d says study coauthor Eliot Miller, a postdoctoral researcher at the Cornell Lab. \u201cInstead, multiple crows would gang up, cawing loudly, to harass a single raven, a familiar behavior called \u2018mobbing.\u2019 What\u2019s new here is that our extracted eBird behavioral data show that when there are chases between crows and ravens, 97 percent of the time it is crows chasing ravens, not the other way around, a much higher rate than we expected.\u201d<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/MonthlyMobbing3.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/MonthlyMobbing3-720x581.jpg 720w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/MonthlyMobbing3-768x620.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/MonthlyMobbing3-1280x1033.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/MonthlyMobbing3-480x387.jpg 480w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/MonthlyMobbing3.jpg 1364w\" sizes=\"\" alt=\"Monthly eBird Reports of Crows Mobbing Ravens\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><figcaption>According to behavioral comments on eBird checklists, crows most commonly mobbed ravens during the crow breeding season (March\u2013May), but also attacked ravens during all other months. The raw numbers of crow attacks on ravens are given above the bars. In their analysis, the researchers statistically offset the differing amounts of time people spend watching birds throughout the year. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/MonthlyMobbing3.jpg\">View larger<\/a>.<\/figcaption>\n              <\/figure><\/div>\n<p>Though\u00a0previous behavioral studies\u00a0have shown <a href=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/when-136-bird-species-show-up-at-a-feeder-which-one-wins\/\">bigger birds usually have the upper hand during feeder interactions<\/a>, it\u2019s also clear that having a mob mentality can upend the size dominance hierarchy.<\/p>\n<p>Crows may do the mobbing or be mobbed in turn by other smaller birds they prey upon. In this case, the fact that crows are very social and can join forces in a mob seems to work in their favor. Ravens are much more solitary. Mobbing is a common behavior among many species of birds because it levels the playing field just a bit for the little guys. There is usually no physical contact.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/CrowsMobbingRaven-McGowan.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/CrowsMobbingRaven-McGowan-720x435.jpg 720w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/CrowsMobbingRaven-McGowan-768x464.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/CrowsMobbingRaven-McGowan-1280x773.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/CrowsMobbingRaven-McGowan-480x290.jpg 480w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/CrowsMobbingRaven-McGowan.jpg 1350w\" sizes=\"\" alt=\"Crows mobbing a Common Raven (far left). Photo by Kevin McGowan.\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><figcaption>Five crows mob a Common Raven (far left). <em>Photo by Kevin McGowan.<\/em><\/figcaption>\n              <\/figure><\/div>\n<p>Freeman and Miller also found a seasonal spike in crows harassing ravens. Though the two species carry a grudge year-round, the data showed crows mobbed ravens more often during the crow breeding season from March through May\u2014a bump in aggression that may also be influenced by changing hormone levels. During the 3 months of the crow breeding season, eBirders made note of nearly 1,200 crow mobs going after a raven as compared to just 124 such descriptions during July, August, and September\u2014dropping from an average of 394 mobs per month to a low of 41 per month. <a href=\"https:\/\/vimeo.com\/64331302\">Ravens raid crow nests to eat the eggs<\/a> or young, clearly plenty of motivation for crows to gang up for a raven rout. Freeman and Miller also suggest that higher levels of mobbing during winter months could reflect increased competition for scarcer resources<em>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>The findings raise an obvious question beyond the scope of this study: Do the ravens even care about all this mobbing or is it just a minor annoyance because they\u2019re \u201ctoo big to fail\u201d? Cornell Lab researcher Kevin McGowan, though not involved with this analysis, has spent 30 years studying American Crows and has seen his fair share of crow-raven encounters.<\/p>\n<div class=\"article-list list-style alignright\"><h2 class=\"article-list-header\">Read More<\/h2><ul><li class=\"article-item\"><div class=\"article-item-container\"><div class=\"article-item-media  content-article content-sounds content-video\"><figure class=\"article-item-media-ratio\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/amecro-ML286868001_comrav-ML135739871-FI.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/amecro-ML286868001_comrav-ML135739871-FI-720x540.jpg 720w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/amecro-ML286868001_comrav-ML135739871-FI-240x180.jpg 240w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/amecro-ML286868001_comrav-ML135739871-FI-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/amecro-ML286868001_comrav-ML135739871-FI-480x360.jpg 480w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/amecro-ML286868001_comrav-ML135739871-FI.jpg 900w\" sizes=\"\" alt=\"Montage of 2 images: two black birds with strong-looking beaks, facing each other.\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"article-item-body\"><span class=\"article-item-header\">How to Tell Crows and Ravens Apart by Sight and Sound<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"article-item\"><div class=\"article-item-container\"><div class=\"article-item-media  content-article\"><figure class=\"article-item-media-ratio\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/03\/common-raven.jpg\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"article-item-body\"><span class=\"article-item-header\">Identification Pitfalls\u2014Crows and Ravens<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"article-item\"><div class=\"article-item-container\"><div class=\"article-item-media  content-article\"><figure class=\"article-item-media-ratio\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/FightClub_JDitner-FI-1280x960.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/FightClub_JDitner-FI-720x540.jpg 720w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/FightClub_JDitner-FI-1280x960.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/FightClub_JDitner-FI-240x180.jpg 240w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/FightClub_JDitner-FI-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/FightClub_JDitner-FI-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/FightClub_JDitner-FI-480x360.jpg 480w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/FightClub_JDitner-FI.jpg 1612w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" alt=\"illustration of birds fighting at a bird feeder in the snow.\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"article-item-body\"><span class=\"article-item-header\">When 136 Bird Species Show Up at a Feeder, Which One Wins?<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<p>\u201cRavens do respond to the mobbing if the crows are diving at them in flight,\u201d McGowan says. \u201cIn fact, the raven will actually do a barrel roll to get out of the way because there\u2019s still a potential danger of being hurt by one of these smaller \u2018punks\u2019 diving on you. But if the raven is perched and the crows don\u2019t get too close, the raven doesn\u2019t have much to fear from them. Most of the time, a raven might be annoyed by mobbing crows but just keep on doing what it wants.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>It\u2019s possible that the two species may be coming into contact more often. Ravens are no longer being indiscriminately shot by humans as they were in the past and that may be one reason the species is expanding its range. According to <em>The Second Atlas of Breeding Birds in New York State <\/em>published in 2008, the Common Raven population increased fivefold during the previous 20 years. There have been similar increases in other Eastern states.<\/p>\n<p>Given their continent-wide distributions, crows and ravens have many opportunities to encounter each other:<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery alignwide columns-2 border is-cropped size-large\">\n                <ul class=\"blocks-gallery-grid\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Crow-eBIrd-08-18-720x563.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Crow-eBIrd-08-18-720x563.jpg 720w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Crow-eBIrd-08-18-768x601.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Crow-eBIrd-08-18-480x376.jpg 480w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Crow-eBIrd-08-18.jpg 942w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" alt=\"eBird reports of American Crow in North America, 2008-2018.\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><figcaption>eBird reports of American Crow in North America, 2008-2018. <a href=\"\nhttps:\/\/ebird.org\/map\/amecro?neg=true&env.minX=170.5418408651135&env.minY=-2.3979232451845935&env.maxX=-42.8565966348865&env.maxY=74.22892795924923&zh=true&gp=false&ev=Z&mr=1-12&bmo=1&emo=12&yr=last10&byr=2008&eyr=2018\">See whole map<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Raven-eBird08-18-720x563.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Raven-eBird08-18-720x563.jpg 720w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Raven-eBird08-18-768x601.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Raven-eBird08-18-480x376.jpg 480w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Raven-eBird08-18.jpg 942w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" alt=\"eBird reports of Common Raven in North America, 2008-2018.\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><figcaption>eBird reports of Common Raven in North America, 2008-2018. <a href=\"https:\/\/ebird.org\/map\/comrav?neg=true&env.minX=&env.minY=&env.maxX=&env.maxY=&zh=false&gp=false&ev=Z&mr=1-12&bmo=1&emo=12&yr=last10&byr=2008&eyr=2018\">See whole map<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul>\n              <\/figure>\n<p>After testing this new source of behavioral information from eBird, Freeman and Miller would like to extract observations about other species interactions. For example, as Western Scrub-Jays have expanded northward in the Pacific Northwest, there are reports of very aggressive encounters between the scrub-jays and Steller\u2019s Jays.\u00a0\u201cCitizen scientists can really tell us a lot about bird interactions and behavior,\u201d says Miller. \u201cWe think there\u2019s a lot of potential for future behavior studies on a larger scale.\u201d<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-group well-gray has-lightgray-background-color has-background\">\n<h4>Reference<\/h4>\n<p>B. G. Freeman and E. T. Miller. 2018. Why do crows attack ravens? <a href=\" http:\/\/americanornithologypubs.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1642\/AUK-18-36.1?code=coop-site\">The roles of predation, resource competition, and social behavior<\/a>. <em>Auk: Ornithological Advances<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>When species come into conflict, as birds so often do, we learn a lot about the way the world works by studying where, when, and how these interactions play out<a class=\"excerpt-read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/crows-have-a-mob-mentality-toward-ravens\/\" title=\"ReadCrows Have a Mob Mentality Toward Ravens\">&#8230; Read more &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":35973,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_tec_requires_first_save":true,"_birdpress_living_bird_toc":0,"_birdpress_living_bird_toc_title":"","_birdpress_featured_image":false,"_birdpress_hero_toggle":false,"_birdpress_hero_type":"image","_birdpress_hero_image_type":"image","_birdpress_hero_style":"default","_birdpress_hero_ratio":"","_birdpress_hero_h1":"","_birdpress_hero_media_id":0,"_birdpress_hero_media_array_id":[],"_birdpress_hero_media_array":[],"_birdpress_hero_media":0,"_birdpress_hero_video_id":0,"_birdpress_hero_video":0,"_birdpress_hero_youtube":"","_birdpress_hero_content":true,"_birdpress_hero_byline":"","_birdpress_hero_byline_bottom":"","_birdpress_hero_button_link":"","_birdpress_hero_button_text":"","_birdpress_hero_button_color":"","_birdpress_hero_date":false,"original_guid":"","_birdpress_hide_search":false,"_birdpress_page_width":"","_birdpress_global_cta":false,"_birdpress_widget_sidebar":"","_birdpress_next_article":0,"_birdpress_next_article_title":"","_birdpress_prev_article":0,"_birdpress_prev_article_title":"","_birdpress_sub_navigation_id":0,"_birdpress_sub_navigation":"","_birdpress_sub_navigation_title":false,"_birdpress_anchor_navigation_id":0,"_birdpress_anchor_navigation":"","_birdpress_postType":"both","_birdpress_categoryID":0,"_birdpress_tagID":0,"_birdpress_parentPostID":0,"_birdpress_parentPostTitle":"","_birdpress_menuID":0,"_birdpress_menuName":"","_birdpress_listHeader":"","_birdpress_listLayout":"card-display","_birdpress_listColumns":"","_birdpress_maxItems":12,"_birdpress_listPaginate":true,"_birdpress_displaySort":true,"_birdpress_sortOrder":"DESC","_birdpress_sortBy":"date","_birdpress_listID":"","_birdpress_listClass":"","_birdpress_displayImages":true,"_birdpress_displayCaptions":false,"_birdpress_displayExcerpts":false,"_birdpress_attTop":"","_birdpress_attBottom":"","_birdpress_showLogos":false,"_birdpress_post_logo":0,"_EventAllDay":false,"_EventTimezone":"","_EventStartDate":"","_EventEndDate":"","_EventStartDateUTC":"","_EventEndDateUTC":"","_EventShowMap":false,"_EventShowMapLink":false,"_EventURL":"","_EventCost":"","_EventCostDescription":"","_EventCurrencySymbol":"","_EventCurrencyCode":"","_EventCurrencyPosition":"","_EventDateTimeSeparator":"","_EventTimeRangeSeparator":"","_EventOrganizerID":[],"_EventVenueID":[],"_OrganizerEmail":"","_OrganizerPhone":"","_OrganizerWebsite":"","_VenueAddress":"","_VenueCity":"","_VenueCountry":"","_VenueProvince":"","_VenueState":"","_VenueZip":"","_VenuePhone":"","_VenueURL":"","_VenueStateProvince":"","_VenueLat":"","_VenueLng":"","_VenueShowMap":false,"_VenueShowMapLink":false,"_tribe_blocks_recurrence_rules":"","_tribe_blocks_recurrence_description":"","_tribe_blocks_recurrence_exclusions":"","wds_primary_category":0,"wds_primary_topic":0,"wds_primary_content-format":0,"wds_primary_cornell-lab-project":0,"wds_primary_host-project":0,"wds_primary_read-more-tag":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"topic":[998,1043],"content-format":[1055],"cornell-lab-project":[],"host-project":[],"read-more-tag":[],"class_list":["post-35930","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","topic-news-and-features","topic-science-conservation-news-and-features","content-format-article"],"metadata":{"associated-posts":[""],"wpa_off":[""],"_edit_lock":["1562102012:4"],"_edit_last":["4"],"wdsi_message_id":[""],"wdsi_do_not_show":[""],"custom-byline":["<h5>By Pat Leonard<\/h5>"],"banner-video":[""],"banner-image":[""],"fallback-videobanner-image":[""],"original_guid":[""],"banner-text-style":["light"],"banner-style":["default"],"featured-image-display":["no"],"hide-from-search":["no"],"_birdpress_next_article":[""],"_birdpress_prev_article":[""],"_webdados_fb_open_graph_specific_image":[""],"_thumbnail_id":["35973"],"_webdados_fb_open_graph_specific_description":[""],"enclosure":["https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/American-Crow-13-NY-Mobbing-calls-from-a-large-flock.mp3\r\n1006471\r\naudio\/mpeg\r\n"]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35930","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=35930"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35930\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/35973"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=35930"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=35930"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=35930"},{"taxonomy":"topic","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topic?post=35930"},{"taxonomy":"content-format","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content-format?post=35930"},{"taxonomy":"cornell-lab-project","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cornell-lab-project?post=35930"},{"taxonomy":"host-project","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/host-project?post=35930"},{"taxonomy":"read-more-tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/read-more-tag?post=35930"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}