{"id":19894,"date":"2015-05-01T15:38:44","date_gmt":"2015-05-01T19:38:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/?p=19894"},"modified":"2019-06-27T14:13:31","modified_gmt":"2019-06-27T18:13:31","slug":"how-to-listen-to-bird-song-tips-and-examples-from-the-warbler-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/how-to-listen-to-bird-song-tips-and-examples-from-the-warbler-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"How to Listen to Bird Song\u2014Tips and Examples From The Warbler Guide"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-group sidebar-alignright sidebar-space order-bottom\"><!--HubSpot Call-to-Action Code --><span class=\"hs-cta-wrapper\" id=\"hs-cta-wrapper-a8fe3c9a-217b-40fd-b1ff-2bb76ebe2cf3\"><span class=\"hs-cta-node hs-cta-a8fe3c9a-217b-40fd-b1ff-2bb76ebe2cf3\" id=\"hs-cta-a8fe3c9a-217b-40fd-b1ff-2bb76ebe2cf3\"><!--[if lte IE 8]><div id=\"hs-cta-ie-element\"><\/div><![endif]--><a href=\"http:\/\/cta-redirect.hubspot.com\/cta\/redirect\/95627\/a8fe3c9a-217b-40fd-b1ff-2bb76ebe2cf3\" ><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"hs-cta-img\" id=\"hs-cta-img-a8fe3c9a-217b-40fd-b1ff-2bb76ebe2cf3\" style=\"border-width:0px;\" src=\"https:\/\/no-cache.hubspot.com\/cta\/default\/95627\/a8fe3c9a-217b-40fd-b1ff-2bb76ebe2cf3.png\"  alt=\"New self-paced course: Learn How to Identify Bird Songs, Click to Learn More\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><\/a><\/span><script charset=\"utf-8\" src=\"https:\/\/js.hscta.net\/cta\/current.js\"><\/script><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> hbspt.cta.load(95627, 'a8fe3c9a-217b-40fd-b1ff-2bb76ebe2cf3', {}); <\/script><\/span><!-- end HubSpot Call-to-Action Code -->\r\n<!--<span class=\"hs-cta-wrapper\" id=\"hs-cta-wrapper-394b2cc2-4447-4677-b18b-d2f2de5b57cd\">\r\n    <span class=\"hs-cta-node hs-cta-394b2cc2-4447-4677-b18b-d2f2de5b57cd\" id=\"hs-cta-394b2cc2-4447-4677-b18b-d2f2de5b57cd\">-->\r\n        <!--[if lte IE 8]><div id=\"hs-cta-ie-element\"><\/div><![endif]-->\r\n        <!--<a href=\"http:\/\/cta-redirect.hubspot.com\/cta\/redirect\/95627\/394b2cc2-4447-4677-b18b-d2f2de5b57cd\"  target=\"_blank\" ><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"hs-cta-img\" id=\"hs-cta-img-394b2cc2-4447-4677-b18b-d2f2de5b57cd\" style=\"border-width:0px;\" src=\"https:\/\/no-cache.hubspot.com\/cta\/default\/95627\/394b2cc2-4447-4677-b18b-d2f2de5b57cd.png\"  alt=\"Join the Cornell Lab\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><\/a>\r\n    <\/span>\r\n    <script charset=\"utf-8\" src=\"https:\/\/js.hscta.net\/cta\/current.js\"><\/script>\r\n    <script type=\"text\/javascript\">\r\n        hbspt.cta.load(95627, '394b2cc2-4447-4677-b18b-d2f2de5b57cd', {});\r\n    <\/script>\r\n<\/span>-->\r\n<!-- end HubSpot Call-to-Action Code -->\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\n<p>Spring is here, and with it come the warblers, with their spectacular colors and beautiful songs. Unfortunately for many birders, however, spring also means the frustration of\u00a0learning or relearning warbler songs. When it comes to birding with\u00a0our ears,\u00a0almost everyone\u2014including us\u2014is at a much lower level than when\u00a0birding with\u00a0our eyes.\u00a0A big part of this problem is there\u2019s\u00a0never been\u00a0any consistent system for studying or learning songs.<\/p>\n<p>This spring we encourage you to try again, but this time with a system that can help you describe and remember what you\u2019re hearing. By using a few simple, objective terms, you\u00a0can understand the structure and quality of a song, and identify what\u2019s unique about it. We\u2019ll describe it here and show how to use it to identify 3 great warbler sounds of spring. (You can also <a href=\"http:\/\/dl.allaboutbirds.org\/8warbler_songs\">download\u00a0our\u00a0guide\u00a0on how to recognize 8 warbler songs<\/a>.)<\/p>\n<h3>When You Listen to a Song, Ask These 3 Simple Questions<\/h3>\n<p>The Warbler Guide system is based on a simple idea: if you can accurately and objectively describe a sound, you can identify it. As a bonus, when you describe a song you pay closer attention to its details, and it becomes easier to recognize.<\/p>\n<p>One reason why birders\u00a0can identify birds by sight is that\u00a0we have\u00a0a whole vocabulary for it: words like \u201ceyeline,\u201d \u201cstreaking,\u201d \u201cwingbars,\u201d \u201cupperparts.\u201d But how to\u00a0describe a song? We might describe it as \u201csweet\u201d or \u201crough\u201d or \u201cdark,\u201d but these words mean different things to different people. Or we might focus on the melody, like we would with music. The problem there is that many birds don\u2019t have a consistent melody\u2014try memorizing the constantly changing song of a Northern Mockingbird, for example.<\/p>\n<p>So instead, we\u2019ve developed three simple questions that will separate most warbler songs, and many other bird songs: <strong>sound quality, pitch trend, <\/strong>and<strong> number of sections<\/strong>. Describe these aspects of the song, and then turn to either the\u00a0Warbler Guide book or <a href=\"https:\/\/itunes.apple.com\/us\/app\/the-warbler-guide\/id950923317?mt=8\">Warbler Guide app<\/a>\u00a0to quickly narrow down your choices. (Note: For more, see How to Listen to Warbler Songs, in\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.thewarblerguide.com\/\"><em>The Warbler Guide<\/em><\/a>. The Warbler Guide app is currently iOS only; an Android version is planned.)<\/p>\n<div class=\"clearfix\">\n<h3>Question 1: What is the Sound Quality of the Song?<\/h3>\n<p>We use a few simple terms to describe sound quality in a song: Buzzy, Clear, and Trilled. To help us visualize sounds, we use a very useful tool called a\u00a0spectrogram. These show you time from left to right and pitch from low to high\u00a0(more about <a href=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/page.aspx?pid=1059#s3\">how to read spectrograms<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/sound_quality_100.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"274\" class=\" size-full wp-image-19896 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/sound_quality_100.jpg\" alt=\"spectogram images of buzzy, clear and trilled\" \/><\/a>Buzzy<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 Like a bee \u2013 a good example would be Black-throated Blue Warbler song.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Clear<\/strong> Something you could whistle. Cardinals have a Clear song, as do Yellow Warblers.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Trilled<\/strong> A lot of sounds in a row that are too fast to count (technically, more than 11 sounds per second). Screech-owls sing a trill, which some birders imitate when pishing for birds. Worm-eating Warbler song is also a trill.<\/p>\n<p>One small twist: sometimes a bird can sing more than one quality in a song. For example, a series of Clear elements followed by a Buzz: we\u2019d call that <strong>Partly Buzzy<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h3>Question 2: What Is the Pitch Trend\u00a0of the Song?<\/h3>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"94\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-19897\" src=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/pitchprofile_600.jpg\" alt=\"pitch profile\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/pitchprofile_600.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/pitchprofile_600-480x75.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><br \/>\nIs the overall pitch of the song <strong>Rising<\/strong>, <strong>Falling<\/strong>, <strong>Steady<\/strong>, or does it move up and down (<strong>Variable<\/strong>)? Note that here we\u2019re looking for the overall trend of the song, so if there\u2019s a slight fall in pitch but otherwise the song is mostly rising, then it would still be considered a Rising song.<\/p>\n<h3>Question 3: How Many Sections Does the Song Have?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/sections_300.jpg\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"\" alt=\"bird songs with one, two, and three sections\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><figcaption><\/figcaption>\n              <\/figure><\/div>\n<p>We break songs down into parts called <strong>Sections<\/strong>. A Section begins whenever there is a dramatic change in pitch or speed. Counting the number of Sections in a song can be one of the most effective ways to identify it.<\/p>\n<p>Here are a few spectrograms\u00a0that show a one-, two- and three-Section song. The gray bars at the bottom of each spectrogram show you where sections start and stop.<\/p>\n<p>In addition to Sections, we can also talk about\u00a0<strong>Elements<\/strong> (the single sounds in song) and <strong>Phrases<\/strong>, which are groups of repeated Elements\u2014more on that later.<\/p>\n<p>That\u2019s it! With those three questions, you can describe and separate most warbler songs. Now let\u2019s try some examples.<\/p>\n<h3>Try\u00a0It With a Few Songs<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4>Song #1: Prairie Warbler<\/h4>\n<p>Listen to the song and compare it to the spectrogram:<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-audio \"><audio controls=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/414-c-Prairie-Type-A1.mp3\" title=\"\"><\/audio><figcaption>Prairie Warbler<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"111\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-19899\" src=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/prairie_song_600.jpg\" alt=\"prairie warbler spectrogram\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/prairie_song_600.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/prairie_song_600-480x89.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>What Is the Sound Quality? <\/em>This bird has a Buzzy song, which we hear when playing it. We can also see it in the spectrogram: each Element is \u201cfuzzy,\u201d as opposed to straight line, and that indicates a buzz.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/prairie_300.jpg\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"\" alt=\"A buzzy, rising, 1-section song means Prairie Warbler. Photo by Scott Whittle.\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><figcaption>A buzzy, rising, 1-section song means Prairie Warbler. <em>Photo by Scott Whittle.<\/em><\/figcaption>\n              <\/figure><\/div>\n<p><em>What Is the Pitch Trend? <\/em>The overall pitch of the song is Rising, with a gradual step up in pitch between each Element.<\/p>\n<p><em>How Many Sections Are There? <\/em>We can see in the spectrogram that this bird has a 1-Section song. Don\u2019t be fooled by the gradual rise in pitch: although the pitch is changing a little between each Element, it\u2019s a steady change, and there is no sudden change in pitch or speed, so that makes it a single Section.<\/p>\n<p>So we have a song that is Buzzy, Rising, 1-Section. If we look in the song finders in the Warbler Guide, or if we enter these three qualities into the Warbler Guide App filter, guess what? We get a single bird! That bird is <strong>Prairie Warbler<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4>Song #2: Wilson\u2019s Warbler<\/h4>\n<p>Listen to the song and compare it to the spectrogram:<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-audio \"><audio controls=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/456-d-Wilsons-Type-A2.mp3\" title=\"\"><\/audio><figcaption>Wilson&#8217;s Warbler<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"104\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-19900\" src=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/wilsons-song_600.jpg\" alt=\"spectrogram of wilson's warbler song\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/wilsons-song_600.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/wilsons-song_600-480x83.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>What Is the Sound Quality? \u00a0<\/em>There are a lot of repeated Elements here, but they are relatively far apart, so they\u2019re not too fast to count. That means this is not a Trill, but just a song with a series of Clear Elements.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/wilsons_300.jpg\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"\" alt=\"A clear, falling, 1-section song: Wilson\u2019s Warbler. Photo by Scott Whittle.\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><figcaption>A clear, falling, 1-section song: Wilson\u2019s Warbler. <em>Photo by Scott Whittle.<\/em><\/figcaption>\n              <\/figure><\/div>\n<p><em>What Is the Pitch Trend? <\/em>Overall this song has a Falling pitch. As a side note, you might notice a subtle shift downward in the second half of the song\u2014that\u2019s a good indicator for many Wilson\u2019s songs.<\/p>\n<p><em>How Many Sections Are There?<\/em> This a simple, one-Section song.<\/p>\n<p>So our final description is a Clear, Falling,\u00a01-Section song. (One extra\u00a0thing to notice is that the clear, separated notes have a sharp or staccato quality.) If you\u00a0plug these characteristics into the Warbler Guide app using the filter feature, here\u2019s the result:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"598\" height=\"209\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-19903\" src=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/wilsons-filter.jpg\" alt=\"demo of warbler guide app filtering feature with wilson's warbler\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/wilsons-filter.jpg 598w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/wilsons-filter-480x168.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 598px) 100vw, 598px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>There are no other warblers that have 1-Section, Clear, Falling songs, so this description is diagnostic in both the East and West.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4>Song #3: Northern Parula<\/h4>\n<p>Listen to the song and compare it to the spectrogram:<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-audio \"><audio controls=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/370-c-Northern-Parula-Type-A.mp3\" title=\"\"><\/audio><figcaption>Northern Parula<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"104\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-19904\" src=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/parula-song_600.jpg\" alt=\"northern parula song spectrogram\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/parula-song_600.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/parula-song_600-480x83.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>What Is the Sound Quality? <\/em>\u00a0Unlike Wilson\u2019s, this bird makes a true Trill. We can tell it\u2019s a Trill in the spectrogram by the series of closely packed near-vertical lines\u2014notice that there are far more than 11 Elements per second, which indicates that it\u2019s too fast to count. But now notice that there is a second section in the song, and that section is just a single Clear Element. Because the song has two qualities, we\u2019ll call it Partly Trilled.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/parula_300.jpg\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"\" alt=\"A trilled, rising, 2-section song: Northern Parula. Photo by Scott Whittle.\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><figcaption>A trilled, rising, 2-section song: Northern Parula. <em>Photo by Scott Whittle.<\/em><\/figcaption>\n              <\/figure><\/div>\n<p><em>What Is the Pitch Trend? <\/em>The first Section of this song is clearly rising, and the second doesn\u2019t change that much, so we\u2019d call this a Rising song.<\/p>\n<p><em>How Many Sections Are There?<\/em> We can see two Sections here: first there is a long Trill, with a Rising pitch trend. But then there is a very different, fast, clear, up-down Element to finish the song\u2014that\u2019s the second Section.<\/p>\n<p>So this is a Partly Trilled, Rising, 2-Section song. Once again, this song has a diagnostic combination: a Rising Trill with a clear up-down element at the end can only be Northern Parula. In fact, all of Northern Parula\u2019s songs end with that distinct, clear, higher up-down note, which makes it a very handy diagnostic quality to know about.<\/p>\n<h3>Happy Warblering!<\/h3>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/step_whit.jpg\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"\" alt=\"warbler guide authors tom stephenson and scott whittle\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><figcaption>Tom Stephenson and Scott Whittle<\/figcaption>\n              <\/figure><\/div>\n<p>So by looking at three basic qualities\u2014Sound Quality, Pitch Trend and Structure\u2014we can finally make an accurate description of a song, and often find things about it that identify the bird to species.<\/p>\n<p>You can use the answers in combination with our book and app to quickly find the bird you\u2019re hearing. Even for non-warblers, applying these questions will help you hear details in songs that will make you a much more effective listener, and a much better birder! And if you\u2019d like to learn more songs\u2014<a href=\"http:\/\/dl.allaboutbirds.org\/8warbler_songs\">download this guide to the\u00a0songs of eight species<\/a>,\u00a0each of which has something diagnostic about it.<\/p>\n<p>Scott Whittle and Tom Stephenson are the authors of\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.thewarblerguide.com\/\">The Warbler Guide<\/a> and the <a href=\"https:\/\/itunes.apple.com\/us\/app\/the-warbler-guide\/id950923317?mt=8\">Warbler Guide app<\/a>, from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/press.princeton.edu\/titles\/10416.html\">Princeton University Press<\/a>. Warbler recordings are via the Cornell Lab\u2019s <a href=\"http:\/\/macaulaylibrary.org\">Macaulay Library<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-group well-gray has-lightgray-background-color has-background\">\n<h4>More help learning bird songs:<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/dl.allaboutbirds.org\/8warbler_songs\">Eight Warbler Songs to Learn This Spring<\/a>\u2014free download<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/bird-song-hero\/\">Bird Song Hero<\/a>\u2014a fun way to learn songs visually<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/page.aspx?pid=1059\">Building Skills: Songs &amp; Calls<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/review-new-warbler-guide-practically-sings-with-information-innovation\/\">Review: New Warbler Guide Practically Sings With Information, Innovation<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/our-review-best-iphone-apps-for-learning-bird-songs\/\">Our Review: Best iPhone Apps for Learning Bird Songs<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Spring is here, and with it come the warblers, with their spectacular colors and beautiful songs. Unfortunately for many birders, however, spring also means the frustration of\u00a0learning or relearning warbler<a class=\"excerpt-read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/news\/how-to-listen-to-bird-song-tips-and-examples-from-the-warbler-guide\/\" title=\"ReadHow to Listen to Bird Song\u2014Tips and Examples From The Warbler Guide\">&#8230; Read more 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